南北战争前后（1846-1865）的简要美国历史

American History from 1846 to 1865  

一.  Consequences of territorial expansion and the westwardMovement  领土扩张和西进运动
1.  Forced England togive up the Old Northwest;迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区
2.  Purchased theLouisiana from Nepoleon.(1790’s) 向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州
3.  Forced Spain to cedeFlorida and the Gulf coast.迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。
4.  Texas added to the Union(1845).1845年,德克萨斯加入联邦。
5.  Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by thewar with Mexico (1846-1848)美国从1846年到1848年的墨西哥战争中，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。
6.  The Gadsden Purchase(1853) 加滋登购地
Another 30,000 square miles ofMexican land were added to the territory of the U.S., in return, the U.S. paid10 million dollars.
1853年的‘加滋登购地’中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了1千万美元的补偿。

二.  The American Civil War and its impaction on the development of the U.S美国内战及其影响 
1.  The conflict beween the North and the South 美国南北矛盾
In the early 1800’s, blackslavery disappeared in the north because of industry development. But itcontinued to exist in the South. In the South, farming remaind the mostimportant way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land.Slave labours seemed best suited for producing these crops.
19世纪早期，由于工业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适合做这些农作物的生产。

2.  The Compromise of 1850  1850年的妥协案
The North and the South allowed California to be acceptedas a free state while ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the masters.
1850年通过了一个折中的方案：同意加利福尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的奴隶归还主人。

3.  Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯
Soon after Lincoln Became the U.S. President, the Warbroke out on April 12, 1861.He realized that he could win support for the Unionat home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issuedthe famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Thus England and France stood bythe Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the UnionArmy. 
亚伯拉罕·林肯当林肯成为美国总统后，1861年4月12日爆发战争，他意识到可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，从而获得国内外对联邦的支持。所以他颁布了著名的《解放宣言》。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴加入了联邦军。
Lincoln’sspeech:“That government of the people, by the people,for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
民有、民治、民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。
The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery, was addedto the Constitution in December, 1865.
废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入宪法。

4.  Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War 内战后资本主义的迅速发展
After the war, the U.S. sawgreat developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, andpopulation. 
There was a stablepolitical environment after the war was over; enough labour supply after blackslaves were free; new immigrants; Science and invention played a very importantrole in accelerating America’s industrial development;the federal government put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich naturalresources.Both productionand capital became increasingly concentrated after the Civil War.
内战后，美国在工业、农业、科技上有大发展，人口数量有大幅度提高。
战后稳定的政治环境；解放黑奴提供了足够的劳动力；新移民科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；联邦政府对进口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。内战后生产和资本越来越集中。

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